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Mosyakin and Robertson 1996 later divided into three subgenera: Acnida, Amaranthus, and Albersia. Although this classification was widely accepted, further infrageneric classification was (and still is) needed to differentiate this widely diverse group. In 1955, Sauer classified the genus into two subgenera, differentiating only between monoecious and dioecious species: Acnida (L.) Aellen ex K.R.
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This complicates taxonomy and Amaranthus has generally been considered among systematists as a "difficult" genus and hybridize often. Although the family ( Amaranthaceae) is distinctive, the genus has few distinguishing characters among the 75 species present across six continents. Amaranthus is part of the Amaranthaceae that is part of the larger grouping of the Carophyllales. Taxonomy Īmaranthus shows a wide variety of morphological diversity among and even within certain species. The panicle is harvested 200 days after cultivation with approximately 1,000 to 3,000 seeds harvested per gram. Seeds are circular form from 1 to 1.5 millimeters in diameter and range in color with a shiny, smooth seed coat. The top ( operculum) of the unilocular pixdio releases the urn that contains the seed. Fruits are in the form of capsules referred to as a unilocular pixdio that opens at maturity. Species in this genus are either monecious (i.e. Flowers are radially symmetric and either bisexual or unisexual with very small, bristly perianth and pointy bracts. The tassel of fluorescence is either erect or bent and varies in width and length between species. Inflorescences are in the form a large panicle that varies from terminal to axial, color, and sex. Īmaranth has a primary root with deeper spreading secondary fibrous root structures. Leaves are approximately 6.5–15 centimetres ( 2 + 1⁄ 2–6 inches) and of oval or elliptical shape that are either opposite or alternate across species, although most leaves are whole and simple with entire margins. Species across the genus contain concentric rings of vascular bundles, and fix carbon efficiently with a C4 photosynthetic pathway.
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Flowers vary interspecifically from the presence of 3 or 5 tepals and stamens, whereas a 7- porate pollen grain structure remains consistent across the family. He describes Amaranth as "immortal" in reference to the flowers that generally do not wither and retain bright reddish tones of color, even when deceased referred to in one species as " love-lies-bleeding."Īmaranth is a herbaceous plant or shrub that is either annual or perennial across the genus. The showy Amaranth present in the Garden of Eden, as portrayed in John Milton's Paradise Lost, is "remov'd from Heav'n" when it blossoms because the flowers "shade the fountain of life". The name was first applied to the related Celosia ( Amaranthus and Celosia share long-lasting dried flowers), as Amaranthus plants were not yet known in Europe. "Amaranth" derives from Greek ἀμάραντος ( amárantos), "unfading", with the Greek word for "flower", ἄνθος ( ánthos), factoring into the word's development as amaranth, the unfading flower. The leaves of some species are also eaten. Amaranth grain is collected from the genus. Members of this genus share many characteristics and uses with members of the closely related genus Celosia. There are approximately 75 species in the genus, 10 of which are dioecious and native to North America with the remaining 65 monoecious species endemic to every continent (except Antarctica) from tropical lowlands to the Himalayas. Amaranth varies in flower, leaf, and stem color with a range of striking pigments from the spectrum of maroon to crimson and can grow longitudinally from 1 to 2.5 metres (3 to 8 feet) tall with a cylindrical, succulent, fibrous stem that is hollow with grooves and bracteoles when mature. Catkin-like cymes of densely packed flowers grow in summer or autumn. Most of the Amaranthus species are summer annual weeds and are commonly referred to as pigweeds.
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Some amaranth species are cultivated as leaf vegetables, pseudocereals, and ornamental plants. For the Songhai drum (doodo), see talking drum.Īmaranthus is a cosmopolitan genus of annual or short-lived perennial plants collectively known as amaranths. For the Momoiro Clover Z album, see Amaranthus (album). For the ancient Greek writer, see Amarantus of Alexandria. "Amaranthus", "Amarantus", and "Doodo" redirect here.